Técnica crusting en dermatitis asociada a la incontinencia / Crusting technique in incontinence-associated dermatitis

Introducción: Las dermatitis asociadas a la incontinencia son el tipo de lesiones cutáneas asociadas a la humedad más frecuentes, y pueden ser difíciles de manejar en contextos de fragilidad, incontinencia mixta y factores intrínsecos no modificables. Caso clínico: Mujer de 84 años, con antecedentes de deterioro cognitivo, que ingresa para cirugía del aparato digestivo. Presenta diarrea postoperatoria y posterior lesión cutánea en zona perianal asociada a esta. Plan de actuación: Tras abordaje con crema barrera con zinc y su fracaso, se aplica técnica crusting. Discusión y conclusiones: La aplicación de película barrera no irritante junto con los polvos hidrocoloides (técnica crusting) contribuyó a la cicatrización de la lesión al aunarse, por un lado, el efecto barrera de la película no irritante y, por otro, la acción cicatrizante de los polvos hidrocoloides (AU)

Introduction: Incontinence-associated dermatitis are the most frequent type of moisture-associated skin lesions that can be difficult to manage in contexts of frailty, mixed incontinence and non-modifiable intrinsic factors. Clinical case: An 84-year-old woman with a history of cognitive impairment and digestive system surgery, who presented postoperative diarrhoea and subsequent skin lesion in the perianal area. Action plan: After approach with barrier cream with zinc and its failure, the crusting technique is applied. Discussion and conclusions: The application of a non-irritating barrier film together with the hydrocolloid powders contributed to the healing of the lesion by combining the barrier effect of the non-irritating film and the healing action of the hydrocolloid powders (AU)

Intervenção especializada de enfermagem na prevenção, avaliação e tratamento da dermatite associada à incontinência na pessoa idosa / Specialized nursing intervention in the prevention, evaluation and treatment of dermatitis associated with incontinence in the elderly

A dimensão das dermatites associadas à incontinência é desconhecida em diversos contextos de prestação de cuidados, principalmente em Portugal. Contudo sabe-se que afeta uma elevada percentagem de pessoas idosas, não só pelo processo de envelhecimento da pele, mas também por ser comum apresentarem incontinência urinária e fecal. Um dos principais focos da enfermagem é a integridade da pele, e por isso é importante atentar nos principais fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de lesões na mesma, e consequentemente desenvolvimento de dermatite associada à incontinência. O presente relatório, concretiza a implementação de um projeto sustentado na metodologia de projeto, realizado na prática clínica do Curso de Mestrado em Enfermagem na Área de Especialização Enfermagem Médico-Cirúrgica na Área de Intervenção à Pessoa Idosa, em dois contextos distintos, uma unidade de cuidados na comunidade e um serviço de internamento hospitalar. A realização do estágio e implementação do projeto permitiu-nos desenvolver competências ao nível de atividades centradas numa prática baseada na evidência, tendo por base os resultados de uma revisão integrativa da literatura; nomeadamente no envolvimento da pessoa idosa e sua família no plano de cuidados, centrado na prevenção da dermatite associada à incontinência; sensibilizamos ainda as equipas de cuidados para a temática; implementamos intervenções e estratégias para a prevenção da dermatite associada à incontinência e desenvolvemos um guia orientador para a prática de cuidados. Percebemos também que um plano de cuidados de enfermagem individualizado permite a implementação de intervenções adequadas, através da realização de um diagnóstico diferencial eficaz, incluindo procedimentos preventivos e tratamentos apropriados em pessoas idosas com situações de dermatite. Este percurso possibilitou a aquisição e desenvolvimento de competências inerentes ao grau de mestre e enfermeiro especialista em enfermagem médico-cirúrgica, no cuidado à pessoa idosa e família.

The dimension of incontinence-associated dermatitis is unknown in several contexts of care provision, mainly in Portugal. However, it is known that it affects a high percentage of elderly-people, not only because of the skin aging process but also because it is common to have both urinary and fecal incontinence. One of the main focuses in nursing is skin integrity. Hence the importance to be aware of the main risk factors for developing skin damage and, consequently, the development of incontinence-associated dermatitis. Therefore, an evidence-based practical approach, supported by the literature review, centered on the prevention of incontinence-associated dermatitis and sensitization of health teams in the subject achieved by implementing strategies for preventing incontinence-associated dermatitis and developing guidelines for the care practice. Furthermore, we also realized that an individualized nursing care plan allows for the implementation of adequate interventions, by performing an effective differential diagnosis, including preventive procedures and appropriate treatments in elderly people with situations of dermatitis. The path taken led to the acquisition and further development of skills inherent to the master's degree and specialized nurse in medical-surgical nursing, in elderly care and family.

Development and Implementation of a Simple Wound Care Guideline for Minor Skin Lesions: A Quality Improvement Project.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this quality improvement project was to use the best available evidence and expert opinion to develop and implement a simple inpatient nursing care guideline ("The Guideline") for patients with minor skin lesions, including candidiasis, skin tears, incontinence-associated dermatitis, and stage 1 and stage 2 pressure injuries that would not require a WOC nurse consultation. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: The Guideline was developed for nurses working on inpatient adult acute care units in a large community hospital in southwest Minnesota. APPROACH: The Guideline was validated for its clarity and appropriateness by internal and external hospital-based wound care nurses and implemented through in-person rounding on the nursing units and distribution of badge cards and required completing an online education module. Surveys and wound documentation audits were conducted to measure changes in knowledge and skin care pre- and postimplementation of The Guideline. OUTCOMES: We conducted wound documentation audits of approximately 491 records that assessed whether patients received appropriate treatment and found an improvement from 45% (104 of 231) to 80% (209 of 260). Nurses' self-rating of their knowledge about which dressings and topical treatment to use improved from 18% (16 of 89) agreement to 57% (55 of 96). Nurses' self-rating of their knowledge about when to change dressings and reapply topical treatments improved from 27% (24 of 89) agreement to 65% (62 of 96). IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Although there is evidence for a variety of dressings or products to treat wounds, this quality improvement project demonstrated increased adherence with providing appropriate care when fewer treatment options were recommended to nursing staff through our structured guideline. The Guideline continues to be used at the project site and is now being implemented at affiliate hospitals.

The Prevalence of Incontinence-Associated Dermatitis in Hospitalized Patients in China: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence and characteristics of incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD) among hospitalized Chinese patients. DATA SOURCES: Authors searched Chinese (China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data, VIP Data, Chinese Biomedicine) and English (PubMed, Web of Science) electronic databases for articles published from 1987 through February 2019. STUDY SELECTION: The preliminary search identified 558 studies. After removal of duplicates (n = 202), application of exclusion criteria, and screening titles and abstracts (n = 346), 10 studies met the inclusion criteria. DATA EXTRACTION: A standardized form was constructed to extract data from eligible studies, and this information was extracted by two independent authors. DATA SYNTHESIS: A pooled analysis of the 10 studies (total sample size, 40,039) showed the prevalence of IAD in hospitalized Chinese patients was 1.44% (95% confidence interval, 1.10%-1.79%). Subgroup analysis indicated no significant association between sex and IAD. Patients older than 90 years had the highest incidence of IAD (8.64%). The most common type was mild IAD (1.00%). Fecal incontinence (48.02%) led to more cases of IAD than urinary incontinence (11.35%) or both (25.78%). The most common types of IAD were perineal (0.92%) and perianal (0.90%). CONCLUSIONS: Incontinence-associated dermatitis is a global health problem that requires more attention. Understanding the prevalence and characteristics of IAD is helpful in the formulation of IAD prevention and treatment programs in China.

Complicações de estomia intestinal e pele periestoma: evidências para o cuidado de enfermagem / Complications of ostomy bowel and peristomal skin: evidence for nursing care / Complicaciones de la ostomía intestinal y de la piel peristoma: evidencia para el cuidado de enfermeira

Objetivo: identificar e analisar as evidências disponíveis na literatura sobre as complicações de estomia intestinal e pele periestoma. Método: revisão integrativa, em bases virtuais de dados, com inclusão de estudos do tipo ensaio clínico randomizado, publicados nos idiomas inglês, espanhol e português, no período de maio 2013 a maio de 2019. Resultados: foram selecionados 19 estudos e agrupados em três categorias: técnicas cirúrgicas apontando técnicas inovadoras acerca do tipo de suturas, ressecção e exteriorização de alça intestinal, além de reforços para prevenção de hérnias; barreiras de pele e equipamentos coletores, abordando principalmente as barreiras de pele para prevenção e tratamento da dermatite; cuidados de enfermagem mostrando cuidados e programas de acompanhamento, como visitas domiciliares, consultas e programas educativos. Conclusões: As estratégias descritas nos estudos revisados são importantes na medida em que poderão enriquecer o conhecimento do enfermeiro e dessa forma reduzir complicações de estomia e pele periestoma e melhorar a qualidade de vida dessas pessoas.

Objective: to identify and analyze the evidence available in the literature on the complications of intestinal ostomy and peristomal skin. Method: integrative review in virtual databases, including randomized clinical trialstudies published in English, Spanish and Portuguese, from May 2013 to May 2019. Results: 19 studies were selected and grouped into three categories: surgical techniques pointing innovative techniques about the type of sutures, resection and externalization of the intestinal loop, in addition to reinforcements to prevent hernias; skin barriers and collecting equipment, mainly addressing skin barriers for the prevention and treatment of dermatitis; nursing care showing care and follow-up programs such as home visits, consultations, and educational programs. Conclusion: the strategies described in the reviewed studies are important as they may enrich the knowledge of nurses and thus reduce complications of ostomy and peristome skin and improve the quality of life of these people.

Objetivo: identificar y analizar la evidencia disponible en la literatura sobre las complicaciones de la ostomía intestinal y la piel peristomal. Método: revisión integradora en bases de datos virtuales, incluidos estudios de ensayos clínicos aleatorizados publicados en inglés, español y portugués, de mayo de 2013 a mayo de 2019. Resultados: se seleccionaron 19 estudios y se agruparon en tres categorías: técnicas quirúrgicas que apuntan técnicas innovadoras sobre el tipo de suturas, resección y externalización del asa intestinal, además de refuerzos para prevenir hernias; barreras cutáneas y equipos de recolección, principalmente para abordar las barreras cutáneas para la prevención y el tratamiento de la dermatitis; atención de enfermería que muestra programas de atención y seguimiento, como visitas domiciliarias, consultas y programas educativos. Conclusiones: Las estrategias descritas en los estudios revisados on importantes ya que pueden enriquecer el conocimiento de las enfermeras y, por lo tanto, reducir las complicaciones de la ostomía y la piel peristómica y mejorar la calidad de vida de estas personas.

[Nursing care of one case of incontinent dermatitis complicated with sacrococcygeal pressure ulcer].

A 67-year-old female patient with incontinent dermatitis complicated with sacrococcygeal pressure ulcer was admitted to our unit in November 2017. The wound was treated with a new dressing based on the concept of wet healing, management of exudation, prevention of infection to promote wound healing. Meanwhile, the fecal incontinence was properly treated with colostomy bag combined with disposable negative pressure drainage device to avoid fecal contamination and aggravation of pressure ulcer. Incontinent dermatitis was treated with wound protective powder and wound protective film. After 14 days of treatment, the wound of pressure ulcer was reduced and the incontinent dermatitis was cured.

A Survey of Turkish Nurses' Knowledge of Incontinence-Associated Dermatitis.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine the knowledge of incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD) among nurses working in intensive care units. DESIGN: Descriptive study. SUBJECTS AND SETTING: The study was conducted in 6 intensive care units of a 550-bed academic research hospital in Turkey. Licensed practical and registered nurses with a minimum of a Bachelor of Science in Nursing degree employed full-time on these units were invited to participate. METHODS: The survey consisted of statements that examined the demographic characteristics (14 questions) and knowledge levels (59 statements) of the nurses. For each statement, nurses were required to mark only one of the following options: "correct," "incorrect," or "no knowledge." Data were collected from July to September 2016. The Shapiro-Wilk test, Mann-Whitney U test, Kruskal-Wallis H test, post hoc multiple comparison test, and Spearman's correlation coefficient were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: Of the 126 RNs who participated in the study, 46.83% (n = 59) had an undergraduate degree in nursing. The majority (29.37%) practiced in gastroenterology surgery and urology intensive care units. The mean knowledge score was 33.05 ± 10.16 (min = 0, max = 59). The most correctly answered statement (94.44%; n = 119) was "The pH of the skin plays a role in skin barrier function." The statement with the most incorrect or "no knowledge" answers (96.03%; n = 120) was "The natural moisturizing factor found in the structure of corneocytes helps the skin to maintain its oil levels." Based on correctly answered statements, we found knowledge levels of the prevention and treatment of IAD were higher among nurses with a master of science degree in nursing (40.67 ± 4.32) and lower among licensed practical nursing (29.12 ± 10.08) (P < .05). CONCLUSION: In this study, knowledge of the nurses on identification, prevention, and treatment of IAD was low. Comprehensive basic nursing education and in-service training programs on IAD are recommended.

A Novel Approach to Treating Moderate to Severe Incontinence-Associated Dermatitis and Intertriginous Dermatitis: A Case Series.

BACKGROUND: Patients with moderate to severe incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD) and intertriginous dermatitis (ITD) often experience pain that negatively affects activities of daily living. While traditional treatments, such as skin protectants including ointment or cream-based products, cyanoacrylate-based monomers, and wicking agents, help some patients, those with moderate to severe cases require more aggressive treatments to accelerate healing. CASE SERIES: This article describes a series of 4 hospitalized patients who presented with moderate to severe IAD and/or ITD with and without fungal infections. These patients were treated with therapies that went beyond routine skin care regimens, which included treatment with a combination of 0.25% acetic acid, a topical steroid agent, or a topical antifungal when necessary. The patients included a 74-year-old woman admitted with hypovolemic shock, an 82-year-old obese woman with pulmonary hypertension and heart failure, an 80-year-old woman with medically complicated obesity, and a 54-year-old morbidly obese woman admitted with sepsis. CONCLUSION: The outcome achieved using this novel approach was successful in treating moderate to severe IAD and ITD in these cases.

Prevention and management of moisture-associated skin damage.

The harmful effects of excessive moisture on a patient's skin are well known. While traditionally considered an issue only encountered in continence care and older people, it is now recognised that the harmful effects of excessive moisture can occur across the lifespan and in various patient groups. The term 'moisture-associated skin damage' describes the spectrum of inflammatory damage that occurs in response to the prolonged exposure of a patient's skin to perspiration, urine, faeces or wound exudate. It is generally accepted that moisture-associated skin damage consists of four conditions: incontinence-associated dermatitis, intertrigo, peristomal moisture-associated dermatitis, and periwound moisture-associated dermatitis. This article describes the aetiologies of each of the different types of moisture-associated skin damage, and outlines the nursing interventions required for their prevention and management.

Skin considerations for older adults with wounds.

Ageing leads to a number of skin changes that not only place an older adult at risk of tissue damage, but can present as peri-wound problems for those with existing wounds, for example, incontinence-associated and moisture-associated dermatitis in individuals with pressure ulcers. Older adults with venous disease experience skin changes concomitant with venous hypertension, making the skin more at risk of breakdown, specifically the common complications of lipodermatosclerosis and venous eczema. In individuals with diabetic foot disease, skin changes related to autonomic neuropathy mean patients can experience dry skin that cracks easily, placing them at higher risk of infection. Common to all individuals with wounds requiring some sort of dressing is the risk of medical adhesive-related skin injury, where dressing application and removal need to be of the utmost priority to reduce the risk of injury. This article discusses some of the common peri-wound skin considerations in patients with chronic wounds.

Problemática periestomal, a propósito de un caso / No disponible

La cistectomía radical tipo Bricker es un proceso quirúrgico que consiste en la extirpación de la vejiga con la derivación de orina al exterior a través de una urostomía.Exponemos el caso de una paciente con diagnóstico de tumor vesical infiltrante. Se le practica dicho procedimiento y posterior reintervención por obstrucción intestinal con resección de íleon terminal.Presenta un estoma bien delimitado con buena coloración. Tras la segunda intervención surge un pliegue cutáneo que dificulta la adhesión del dispositivo, con la consecuente fuga del efluente, desencadenando como complicación una dermatitis periestomal irritativa.Realizamos una valoración basada en los patrones de M. Gordon, identificamos aquellos que son disfuncionales y formulamos diagnósticos enfermeros según la taxonomía NANDA.Para la resolución del problema, seleccionamos los dispositivos y accesorios más adecuados para conseguir una mejora en la calidad de vida de la paciente

No disponible

Peristomal skin damage: assessment, prevention and treatment.

The majority of ostomates experience peristomal complications, the most common of which is skin damage. Healthy peristomal skin is essential for pouch adherence, which prevents effluent from seeping onto the skin. The aim of good stoma management is to prevent peristomal skin soreness and, if this arises, to minimise its effects. Practitioners need to have a good understanding of the causes of skin breakdown and how to treat and prevent it. Appliances and accessories need to be assessed to ensure they are appropriate for each individual stoma to prevent leakage of effluent and maintain healthy peristomal skin. Several strategies and products can be used to protect and treat the skin, including barrier creams and films, powders, pastes, seals, cleansers, lotions and stoma accessories. Misuse of products can affect patient care and clinical outcomes, and increase costs. Good-quality stoma care patient education improves outcomes, is part of good-quality care and boosts efficiency in nursing services. This article focuses on good skin care regimens, preventing skin damage, particularly peristomal damage, assessing and treating specific peristomal skin conditions, and patient education.

Meeting report: managing peristomal skin complications.

A group of experts in stoma care attended a round-table discussion to identify prevention and management techniques on peristomal skin issues. Fatima Bibi, Project Manager at MA Healthcare, reports.

A multinational evaluation assessing the relationship between peristomal skin health and health utility.

BACKGROUND:: irritation to peristomal skin remains one of the most prevalent ostomy-related complications influencing an individual's health status and quality of life. AIMS:: to assess the impact of damaged peristomal skin on the health utility and quality-adjusted life days (QALD) in an international adult ostomy population. METHODS:: a cross-sectional survey incorporating the SF-6D preference-based health utility index was developed to assess a random selection of post-surgical patients. FINDINGS:: health utility decreased with increasing skin irritation among the three geographic groups. The total mean health utility of normal peristomal skin for the three groups dropped incrementally for mild, moderate, and severe irritation. There were no differences in health utility or QALDs between the three country groups. CONCLUSION:: improvement of peristomal skin health is associated with improvements to QALDs. Clinicians, caregivers and patients have the responsibility to address a critical unmet need in skin health through interventions and products designed to support healthy peristomal skin.

Moisture-associated skin damage: use of a skin protectant containing manuka honey.

The skin is the largest organ in the body, providing an effective barrier against excessive fluid loss and invasion from bacteria, but the barrier function of the skin can be lost when it is damaged by prolonged contact with moisture. Moisture-associated skin damage can be caused by prolonged exposure to perspiration, urine or faeces, wound exudate or stomal output. Prevention and treatment of moisture-associated skin damage involves application of skin protectants, but there is a wide range of these products available to nursing staff, and clinical decision making is hampered by a lack of robust comparative evidence. Medihoney® Barrier Cream may be used for a number of indications related to moisture-associated skin damage, including incontinence-associated dermatitis. The use of Medihoney Barrier Cream has been shown to lower pruritis complaints associated with intertrigo, and promotes patient comfort.

Development of a New Incontinence Containment Product and an Investigation of Its Effect on Perineal Dermatitis in Patients With Fecal Incontinence: A Pilot Study in Women.

Research related to the design and development of new incontinence containment products for women is scarce. PURPOSE: The purpose of this 2-part study was to 1) develop a new incontinence containment product for fecal incontinence and 2) examine the effect of this new product on the occurrence of incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD). METHODS: In part 1, a new incontinence containment product was designed, developed, and trialed among 10 healthy female volunteers. The product was comprised of a double layer of polypropylene nonwoven fabric and 100% cotton interlock fabric with a 3-ply 100% cotton interlock fabric added into the perianal section. Participants wore the product for 8 hours and were asked to defecate into the product and evaluate its comfort, ability to contain liquids and protect privacy, any personal allergic reaction, and air permeability. In part 2, after any product modifications, 12 bedridden women treated in the neurology unit of a hospital in western Turkey who had an indwelling urinary catheter and fecal incontinence and who did not have diabetes mellitus, a darkly pigmented area in the perianal area, pressure injury, or erythema were randomized to 2 groups (study product and control, a premium adult diaper) and monitored for 8 days for the development and severity of perineal dermatitis (scored from 0 [no erythema] to 4 [broken, abraded skin]) using a skin assessment tool. Any type of erythema was considered IAD. Skin care (cleansing with a washcloth and water) was provided daily and after each defecation to all study participants. Data were collected via paper-and-pencil completion of the perineal skin integrity assessment and patient observation forms and entered into and analyzed by a computerized statistical program. Fisher's exact test and the chi-squared test were used to analyze the difference in IAD incidence and severity between the 2 groups, and the Mann Whitney U test was used to detect differences in the number and consistency of defecations. RESULTS: No statistically significant differences were noted among the characteristics of the 12 participants (6 in each group) except for age; patients in the study product group were significantly older (70.66 ± 10.36 vs 52.20 ± 16.78 years; P <.05. Four (4) patients in the study group exhibited 13 areas of perineal dermatitis (degree 1 = 6 areas; degree 2 = 6 areas; degree 3 = 1 area; and degree 4 = 0); 1 patient in the control group had 4 areas with degree 1. CONCLUSION: This prototype product is not sufficient to be used in clinical practice in patients with fecal incontinence, but further study in a larger population is warranted..

Warm water hazard: Sea lice and seabather's eruption.

Nurses may see patients who have recently returned from tropical vacations complaining of a severe pruritic dermatitis known as seabather's eruption (SBE). Caused by exposure to jellyfish larvae, SBE is characterized by a pruritic rash, but some patients, particularly children, experience systemic signs and symptoms such as fever, chills, and nausea/vomiting. This article discusses SBE and reviews assessment tips, nursing care, and patient teaching.

Design and psychometric testing of the attitude towards the prevention of incontinence-associated dermatitis instrument (APrIAD).

Despite the availability of a range of skin care products for the prevention of incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD), prevalence remains high. Nurses' attitude is an important determinant to take into account in quality improvement projects. This study aimed to design a psychometrically test the attitude towards the prevention of incontinence-associated dermatitis instrument (APrIAD). A prospective psychometric instrument validation study was performed in a convenience sample of 217 Belgian nurses. Construct validity and reliability (internal consistency, stability) were tested. The exploratory factor analysis demonstrated a model consisting of four factors and 14 items: (a) beliefs about the impact of IAD on patients, (b) beliefs about team responsibility to prevent IAD, (c) beliefs about personal responsibility to prevent IAD, and (d) beliefs about the effectiveness of IAD prevention products and procedures. Cronbach's α was 0.72 for factor 1, 0.65 for factor 2, 0.63 for factor 3, and 0.47 for factor 4. The intra-class correlation coefficient was 0.689 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.477-0.825) for the total instrument, 0.591 (95% CI 0.388-0.764) for factor 1, 0.387 (95% CI 0.080-0.626) for factor 2, 0.640 (95% CI 0.406-0.795) for factor 3, and 0.768 (95% CI 0.597-0.872) for factor 4. Psychometric testing of the APrIAD demonstrated adequate validity and reliability measures.